句子定語從句
在學習、工作或生活中,大家總少不了接觸一些耳熟能詳的句子吧,從句法角度說,句子是使最大的語法單位。你所見過的句子是什么樣的呢?下面是小編為大家整理的句子定語從句,希望對大家有所幫助。
定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。
關系副詞有:when,where,why等。
關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who,whom,that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
句子合并定語從句:
1.He has two sons.They both joined the army three years ago
2.He visited the Summer Palace this summer.He went there four years ago
3.He lied to his mother.It made her very angry
4.I have many books.Some of the books are about English
5.He met Liu Xiang in the street the other day.It made overjoyed
定語從句解題方法
一、選準關系代詞和關系副詞
在定語從句中,關系代詞或關系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當一定的成分,如果該從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,就要用關系代詞來連接從句;如果從句中缺少狀語,就得用關系副詞來連接從句。例如:
(1)I still remember the days which /that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解僅用that引導限制性定語從句的幾種情況
that 在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情況下,只能用that來引導定語從句:
1.先行詞是all,much,few,little,everything,anything,nothing等不定代詞時。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2.先行詞被all,few,little,much,every,some,no等詞修飾或被the only,the very,the same,the last等限定詞修飾時。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3.先行詞既指人又指物時。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4.關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5.先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6.主句是who 或which 引導的特殊問句時。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介詞+關系代詞”結構中介詞的選用
介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關。例如:
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1.定語從句中謂語動詞是含有介詞的動詞短語時,介詞應放在動詞之后,不能拆開放在關系代詞前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2.該結構中,關系代詞指人時用whom,指物時用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引導的非限制性定語從句指代整體時的區別
1、位置上的區別:
as 引導的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,還可插在主句的中間;而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all,the earth turns around the sun.
The earth,as is known to us all,turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun,as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun,which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2、詞義與聯系上的區別:
as 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間有著較為密切的上下文聯系,as本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引導的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似并列句,which 本身表示“這”或“這一點”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound,as we all know.
Jack came late for school,which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定語從句的主謂一致性
關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免從句成分的重疊
1.在定語從句中,不管出現任何情況,主句的結構必須完整,即主句必須有主語和謂語,缺一不可,否則,整個主從復合句就無法成立。試比較:
(1)Is this factory_______we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory_______we visited last week?
A.which B.where C.what D.the one
分析:
第一題缺少表語,只有填D項才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的選項均為干擾項。
第二題主句本身完整,應填的關系代詞在從句中作visited的賓語,故應選A項。
2.從定語從句中,關系代詞或關系副詞已經代替先行詞獨立地或與相應的介詞一起在定語從句中充當了一定的成分,因此在定語從句中就不能再出現與關系代(副)詞重疊的成分。例如:
錯句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:該題中that已經代替先行詞the train在定語從句中充當及物動詞took的賓語,故重疊出現的賓語it必須刪去。
總之,突破了以上六道難關,定語從句中的難題便會迎刃而解。
定語從句的種類
主語從句用作主語,如:
That the earth is round is true.地球為圓的是真實的.
賓語從句用作賓語.如:
Do you know where he lives?
表語從句用作表語,如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意見是你不應單獨前往.
同位語從句用于解釋說明前面的名詞.如:
The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圓的的事實是真實的.(that從句用于解釋說明the fact)
定語從句相當于一個形容詞,用于修飾前面的名詞.如:
The student who answered the question was John.回答問題的學生是John.
狀語從句相當于一個副詞,如:
When it rains,I usually go to school by bus.天下雨時,我通常坐公共汽車上學.(時間狀語)
If he comes tomorrow,you will see him.如果他明天來,你就可以看見他.(if引導的條件狀語從句,其結構為:if +狀語從句,+主句).要注意在狀語從句中有一個規則是“主將從現”,即主句是將來時,則從句要用一般現在時表示將來.
主句和從句的劃分方法是相同的.句子的成分從謂語動詞處來劃分比較容易.謂語動詞前面的部分是主語,后面常接賓語,修飾謂語動詞的是狀語,修飾主語、賓語的是定語,若謂語是系動詞,則系動詞后的部分是表語.如:
I am a teacher.其中,I 是主語,am是謂語,a teacher是表語.
He likes playing football very mucy.其中,he是主語,likes是謂語,playing football是賓語,very much是狀語.
英語中8種從句介紹
1、定語從句
2、時間狀語從句
3、地點狀語從句
4、條件狀語從句
5、同位語從句
6、表語從句
7、賓語從句
8、主語從句
名詞性從句:在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句 (Noun Clauses).名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據它在句中不同的語能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句.
引導名詞性從句的連接詞
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:
連接詞:that,whether,if不充當從句的任何成分)
連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,
whose,which.
連接副詞:when,where,how,why
不可省略的連詞:
1.介詞后的連詞
2.引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略.
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比較:whether與if 均為"是否"的意思.但在下列情況下,whether不能被if取代:
1.whether引導主語從句并在句首
2.引導表語從句
3.whether從句作介詞賓語
4.從句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末,用it充當形式主語.
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句.That只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不擔任任何成分,本身也沒有詞義.名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語,例如:
主語:That he is still alive is sheer luck.他還活著全靠運氣.
賓語:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去.
表語:The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是近來誰也沒有見過他.
同位語:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近來誰也沒有見過他,這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安.
形容詞賓語:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你對工作滿意我感到很高興.
That- 從句作主語通常用it作先行詞,而將that-從句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整個計劃注定要失敗.
It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事
定義
用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞或其短語的從句,就叫做定語從句。其實,就是拿句子來做名詞、代詞或是其短語的定語。如:
It's a book.
I bought the book yesterday.
以上兩句話中,都有book一詞,所以可以用定語從句把兩句話連起來。即:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
這句話中that引導的I bought yesterday就是一個定語從句,用來修飾the book。
兩個概念
要想學好定語從句,得先弄清楚兩個基本概念,即:先行詞和關系詞。
(一)先行詞
所謂先行詞,就是指定語從句所修飾的成分。這個名稱倒是挺形象的,為什么?因為先行詞永遠出現在定語從句的前面,總是先走一步的,呵呵!
(二)關系詞
所謂關系詞,就是指用來連接定語從句的詞語。關系詞可以分為關系代詞和關系副詞。需要注意的是,關系代詞或關系副詞都要在從句中充當成分的,所以是不可或缺的,盡管當關系代詞在從句中作賓語時,經?梢允÷(本文會繼續講到這個情況)。
我們在來看一下在第一節里出現的句子:
It's the book that I bought yesterday.
句中的the book就是先行詞,被后面的從句I bought yesterday所修飾。而that就是關系代詞,用來連接I bought yesterday,同時又在從句作bought的賓語,而且可以省略。
定語從句的學習,其實就是有關根據先行詞的特點選擇合適的關系詞的學習。
分類
按照定語從句與先行詞的關系緊密與否,可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。
(一)限定性定語從句
限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用,是不可或缺的。如:
These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.
(二)非限定性定語從句
非限定性定語從句對先行詞起著補充說明作用,可要可不要。非限定性定語從句都會被逗號與先行詞隔開。如:
They have to walk to the South Pole,which is out of a plane's reach.
【注意】
1、當先行詞具有唯一性的時候,就只能采用非限定性定語從句,否則就會產生歧義或誤解。如:
限定性定語從句:His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.
非限定性定語從句:His wife,who is now in Paris,is one of my old classmates.
因為限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用,所以具有特指功能,所以第一句中的限定性定語從句意味著是特指他在巴黎的妻子,其潛臺詞就是他不只一個妻子,也許在上;蛘咴诩~約等其他地方還有妻子。
而非限定性定語從句只對先行詞起著補充說明作用,沒有特指功能,所以第二句中的非限定性定語從句只是用來補充說明他的妻子現在人在巴黎這個事實。
2、that和why不能用來引導非限定性定語從句
that不能用來連接非限定性定語從句,具體的請看下一節的內容。
而why因為總是緊跟先行詞reason,所以也不能用于引導非限定性定語從句。如:
That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.
在reason和why之間,不能插入逗號。
關系代詞
英語里能夠用來連接定語從句的關系代詞主要有:
that:表人或物
which:表物
who:表人(主格或賓格)
whom:表人(賓格)
whose:表人或物(所有格)
(一)that引導的定語從句
that引導定語從句時,其先行詞既可能是人,也可能是物。如:
This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.
He is the man that will visit our school next week.
【注意】
1、當that的先行詞表物時,可以用which來替換。此外,當that在從句中作賓語時,可以省略。如:
This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.
This is the photo I took during the trip in France.
句中的先行詞the photo在從句I took during the trip in France中作took的賓語,所以可以省略。
2、不能用that的情況
1)當定語從句以介詞開頭時,一般不用that,而要用which或whom。如:
This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.
She is the girl to whom I talked just now.
兩句話的定語從句分別以介詞for和to開頭,所以后面不能再用that,而要采用which和whom。
2)當先行詞是that時,往往用which來替換。如:
We have that which we need.
此時,that which往往可以用what來替換,因此我們可以把上面的句子改為:
We have what we need.
3)在非限定性定語從句中。如:
錯誤:His aunt,that is our maths teacher,often gives us candies as gifts.
正確:His aunt,who is our maths teacher,often gives us candies as gifts.
3、只能用that的情況
1)當先行詞為everything、all,little、much等不定代詞時。如:
All that glitters is not gold.
2)當先行詞被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修飾時。如:
Don't waste any water that is reusable.
3)當先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last修飾時。如:
They are the only students that will attend the meeting.
4)當先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如:
This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.
5)當先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時。如:
There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.
6)當先行詞有人又有物時。如:
We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.
7)當主句是以who或which及其-ever結構開頭的特殊疑問句時。如:
Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.
4、多用who、不用that的情況
1)當先行詞為anyone、one、ones時。如:
He is the one who will teach us English.
2)當先行詞為those、he和people時。如:
Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.
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